This is a question from Quora.

Should I go to UC Berkeley for 75k a year and take on the debt?

I’m a computer science professor, I hold a PhD, and I live in California. If I had a bright, hardworking child who wanted to study STEM, while I would support their preference, I would strongly discourage them from attending UC Berkeley.

The class sizes are outrageous, especially in CS. The intro class holds up to 2,000 students in the fall.

If you’re impressed by research, realize that it’s much harder to get into a lab as an undergraduate, and if you do, you’ll likely be mentored by a more senior undergraduate who is themselves being mentored by a grad student who will occasionally meet with the professor.

Living in Berkeley is absurd. The cost is high, the competition for apartments is intense, and much of the housing is low quality.

I get the appeal, and perhaps I’d have a different opinion for the humanities and social sciences, but for STEM, I’d choose an academically more conducive environment.

Now if you’re taking on $75,000 a year in debt, that’s just nonsense. Absolute nonsense. That’s so far beyond the scope of reason that it should be an entrance test; if you’re willing to do so, you should not be at Berkeley.

• should：应该。
• go to：去。
• UC Berkeley：加州大学伯克利分校（美国加州一所著名的大学）。
• for：为了。
• 75k a year：每年7.5万美元。
• take on：承担。
• debt：债务。
• computer science professor：计算机科学教授。
• hold a PhD：拥有博士学位。
• live in：居住在。
• California：加利福尼亚（美国西海岸的州）。
• bright：聪明的。
• hardworking：勤奋的。
• child：孩子。
• study：学习。
• STEM：STEM（科学、技术、工程和数学）。
• support：支持。
• preference：选择。
• strongly discourage：强烈劝阻。
• class sizes：课程规模。
• outrageous：庞大的。
• especially in：特别是在。
• CS：计算机科学（Computer Science的缩写）。
• intro class：入门课程。
• holds up to：最多容纳。
• students in：学生。
• the fall：秋季学期。
• impressed by：对...印象深刻。
• research：研究。
• realize：意识到。
• much harder to get into：更难进入。
• a lab as an undergraduate：作为本科生进入实验室。
• mentored by：由...指导。
• a more senior undergraduate：更高年级的本科生。
• themselves being mentored by：他们自己是由...指导的。
• a grad student：一名研究生。
• who will occasionally meet with：偶尔会与...见面。
• professor：教授。
• Living in：生活在。
• absurd：荒谬的。
• cost：成本。
• competition for apartments：公寓竞争。
• intense：激烈的。
• housing：住房。
• low quality：质量较低的。
• get the appeal：理解其吸引力。
• perhaps：也许。
• I'd have a different opinion：我会有不同的看法。
• academically more conducive：学术环境更有利的。
• environment：环境。
• now：现在。
• if someone brings up：如果有人提出。
• the topic of：...的话题。
• won't get swept away by jargons：不会被术语所迷惑。

How is Kubernetes (k8s) different from Docker?

The question “Kubernetes vs. Docker?” in itself is rather absurd, like comparing apples to oranges. One isn’t an alternative to the other. Quite the contrary, Kubernetes can run without Docker and Docker can function without Kubernetes. But Kubernetes can (and does) benefit greatly from Docker and vice versa.

• question：问题
• rather：相当
• absurd：荒谬的
• like：像
• comparing：比较
• apples：苹果
• oranges：橙子
• alternative：替代品
• one：一个
• isn't：不是
• another：另一个
• quite：相当
• contrary：相反的
• can：可以
• run：运行
• without：没有
• function：工作
• benefit：获益
• greatly：极大地
• from：从...中
• vice versa：反之亦然

Docker is a standalone application which can be installed on any computer to run containerized applications. Containerization is an approach of running applications on an OS such that the application is isolated from the rest of the system. You create an illusion for your application that it is getting its very own OS instance, although there may be other containers running on the same system. Docker is what enables us to run, create and manage containers on a single operating system.

• Docker：Docker（容器化平台的名称）。
• standalone：独立的。
• application：应用程序。
• installed：安装。
• computer：计算机。
• run：运行。
• containerized：容器化的。
• applications：应用程序。
• Containerization：容器化。
• approach：方法。
• running：运行。
• isolated：隔离的。
• rest：其余部分。
• system：系统。
• create：创建。
• illusion：假象。
• getting：得到。
• very own：自己的。
• OS instance：操作系统实例。
• other：其他。
• containers：容器。
• enables：使能够。
• us：我们。
• manage：管理。
• single：单个。
• operating system：操作系统。

Kubernetes turns it up to eleven. If you have Docker installed on a bunch of hosts (different operating systems), you can leverage Kubernetes. These nodes or Docker hosts can be bare metal servers or virtual machines. Kubernetes can then allow you to automate container provisioning, networking, load-balancing, security and scaling across all these nodes from a single command-line or dashboard. A collection of nodes that are managed by a single Kubernetes instance is referred to as a Kubernetes cluster.

• Kubernetes：Kubernetes（容器编排平台的名称）。
• turns it up to eleven：将其提升到更高级别（表示 Kubernetes 是高级的容器编排工具）。
• installed：安装。
• bunch：一堆。
• hosts：主机。
• different：不同的。
• operating systems：操作系统。
• leverage：利用。
• nodes：节点。
• Docker hosts：Docker 主机。
• bare metal：裸机（指裸机服务器，没有虚拟化层的服务器）。
• servers：服务器。
• virtual machines：虚拟机。
• allow：允许。
• automate：自动化。
• container provisioning：容器配置。
• networking：网络。
• load-balancing：负载均衡。
• security：安全性。
• scaling：扩展。
• across：跨越。
• single：单个。
• command-line：命令行。
• dashboard：仪表板。
• collection：集合。
• managed by：由...管理。
• instance：实例。
• referred to as：称为。
• cluster：集群。

Now, why would you need to have multiple nodes in the first place? The two main motivations behind it are:

• need：需要。
• multiple：多个。
• nodes：节点。
• first place：首先。
• two：两个。
• main：主要的。
• motivations：动机。
• behind：背后的。

To make the infrastructure more robust — Your application will be online, even if some of the nodes go offline, i.e, High Availability. To make your application more scalable — If workload increases simply spawn more containers and/or add more nodes to your Kubernetes cluster. “Kubernetes automates the process of scaling, managing, updating and removing containers. In other words, it is a container orchestration platform. While Docker is at the heart of the containerization, it enables us to have containers in the first place.

• To make：为了使。
• infrastructure：基础设施。
• more robust：更加健壮。
• Your application：您的应用程序。
• online：在线。
• even if：即使。
• some：一些。
• go offline：下线。
• i.e.：即，即是（拉丁语缩写，表示 "that is"，即 "也就是说"）。
• High Availability：高可用性。
• scalable：可扩展。
• workload：工作负载。
• increases：增加。
• simply：简单地。
• spawn：生成。
• containers：容器。
• and/or：和/或（用于表示 "和" 或 "或" 的组合）。
• add：添加。
• nodes：节点。
• Kubernetes cluster：Kubernetes 集群。
• automates：自动化。
• process：过程。
• scaling：扩展。
• managing：管理。
• updating：更新。
• removing：删除。
• container orchestration platform：容器编排平台。
• While：虽然。
• Docker：Docker（容器化平台的名称）。
• at the heart of：在...的核心。
• containerization：容器化。
• enables：使能够。
• have：拥有。
• containers：容器。

In principle, Kubernetes can work with any containerization technology. Two of the most popular options that Kubernetes can integrate with are rkt and Docker. However, Docker has won the greatest market segment and that has led to a lot of effort in perfecting the integration between Docker and Kubernetes, more than any other containerization technology.

• In principle：原则上。
• Kubernetes：Kubernetes（容器编排平台的名称）。
• can work with：可以与...一起使用。
• any：任何。
• containerization technology：容器化技术。
• Two of the most popular options：最流行的两种选项。
• integrate with：与...集成。
• are：是。
• rkt：rkt（一种容器运行时）。
• Docker：Docker（容器化平台的名称）。
• However：然而。
• has won：赢得。
• the greatest：最大的。
• market segment：市场份额。
• that has led to：导致了。
• a lot of：许多。
• effort：努力。
• perfecting：完善。
• the integration between：在...之间的集成。
• more than：超过。
• any other：任何其他。

Similarly, Docker Inc., the company behind Docker, offers their own container orchestration engine, named Docker Swarm. But even they realized the fact that Kubernetes has risen to the point that even Docker for Desktop (MacOS and Windows) comes with its own Kubernetes distribution.

• Similarly：同样地。
• Docker Inc.：Docker 公司（Docker 背后的公司）。
• the company behind：背后的公司。
• offers：提供。
• their own：他们自己的。
• container orchestration engine：容器编排引擎。
• named：命名为。
• Docker Swarm：Docker Swarm（Docker 提供的容器编排工具）。
• But even：但即使。
• they realized：他们意识到。
• the fact that：事实是。
• has risen to the point：已经崭露头角。
• that even：以至于即使。
• Docker for Desktop：Docker for Desktop（用于 MacOS 和 Windows 的 Docker 版本）。
• comes with：附带。
• its own：自己的。
• Kubernetes distribution：Kubernetes 发行版。

If anyone was nervous about adopting Kubernetes for their Docker-based product, that last point would get rid of all of the doubts. Both projects have wholeheartedly embraced each other and have benefited tremendously from this symbiosis.

• If anyone：如果有人。
• was nervous about：对...感到紧张。
• adopting：采用。
• Kubernetes：Kubernetes（容器编排平台的名称）。
• for their：为他们的。
• Docker-based product：基于 Docker 的产品。
• that last point：最后一点。
• would get rid of：将消除。
• all of the：所有的。
• doubts：疑虑。
• Both：两者都。
• projects：项目。
• have wholeheartedly embraced：全力拥抱。
• each other：彼此。
• and have benefited tremendously from：并从中获得了巨大的好处。
• this symbiosis：这种共生关系。

These projects are more than technologies, they are a community of people, who, despite their differences, are is composed of some of the brightest minds in the industry. When like-minded individuals collaborate, they exchange bright ideas and learn best practices from one another.

These are some of such ideas that both, Kubernetes and Docker, share:

• These projects：这些项目。
• are more than：不仅仅是。
• technologies：技术。
• they are：它们是。
• a community of people：一群人的社区。
• who：谁。
• despite their differences：尽管他们之间存在差异。
• is composed of：由...组成。
• some of the brightest minds：一些最杰出的思想。
• in the industry：在该行业中。
• When：当。
• like-minded：志同道合的。
• individuals：个体。
• collaborate：合作。
• they exchange：他们交流。
• bright ideas：睿智的思想。
• and learn：并从中学习。
• best practices：最佳实践。
• from one another：从彼此那里学习。

Their love for microservice based architecture (more on this later). Their love for open source community. Both are largely open source projects. They are largely written in Go which allows them to be shipped as small lightweight binaries. They use human-readable YAML files to specify application stacks and their deployments. In theory, you can learn about one without having a clue about the other. But keep in mind that in practice you will benefit a lot more if you start with the simple case of Docker running on a single machine, and then gradually understand how Kubernetes comes into play.

• Their love for：他们对...的热爱。
• microservice based architecture：微服务架构。
• more on this later：稍后详细介绍。
• open source community：开源社区。
• Both are largely：它们都是大规模的。
• largely written in：主要用...编写。
• Go：Go 语言（一种编程语言）。
• allows them to be：使它们能够。
• shipped as：作为...进行发布。
• small lightweight binaries：小型轻量级二进制文件。
• use：使用。
• human-readable：人类可读的。
• YAML files：YAML 文件。
• specify：指定。
• application stacks：应用程序堆栈。
• deployments：部署。
• In theory：从理论上讲。
• you can learn about：您可以了解有关...的信息。
• one without：一个而没有。
• having a clue about：一无所知。
• But keep in mind that：但请记住。
• in practice：在实践中。
• you will benefit a lot more：您将获益更多。
• if you start with：如果您从...开始。
• the simple case of：简单情况。
• Docker running on：在...上运行 Docker。
• a single machine：单台机器。
• gradually understand：逐渐了解。
• comes into play：起作用。

Containers are amazing! They allow us to think about services and systems in a completely new and digital way. Both Docker and Kubernetes are here to stay. They are continuously changing to transform themselves into something better in the future. Keep your company involved in the Technology era and implement the containers that your infrastructure needs the most.

• Containers：容器。
• are amazing：令人惊奇。
• They allow us to：它们使我们能够。
• think about：思考。
• services and systems：服务和系统。
• in a completely new and digital way：以全新的数字方式。
• Both：两者都。
• here to stay：将继续存在。
• They are continuously changing：它们正在不断变化。
• to transform themselves into：将自己转变为。
• something better in the future：未来更好的东西。
• Keep your company involved in：让您的公司参与。
• the Technology era：科技时代。
• implement：实施。
• the containers：容器。
• that your infrastructure needs：您的基础设施最需要的。

Designing newer software for a container-centric platform would not only make your apps more scalable but also more future-proof. Sticking to the old VMs might work for now, but a few years down the line you will eventually have to either bear the heavy cost of migrating everything into containers or abandon your projects altogether. Hopefully, now if someone brings up the topic of “Kubernetes vs Docker” you won’t get swept away by jargons.

• Designing newer software for：为...设计新的软件。
• a container-centric platform：一个以容器为中心的平台。
• would not only：不仅仅会。
• make your apps more scalable：使您的应用程序更具可扩展性。
• but also：而且。
• more future-proof：更具未来可塑性。
• Sticking to：坚持使用。
• insight: 理解
• the old VMs：旧的虚拟机。
• might work for now：可能暂时有效。
• but a few years down the line：但几年后。
• you will eventually have to：最终将不得不。
• either bear the heavy cost of：承担巨大的成本。
• migrating everything into containers：将所有内容迁移到容器中。
• or abandon your projects altogether：或者完全放弃您的项目。
• Hopefully：希望。
• now if someone brings up：现在如果有人提出。
• the topic of：...的话题。
• won't get swept away by jargons：不会被术语所迷惑。

This is a question from Quora.

Is going to college for computer science with a focus of software engineering still worth it in 2023? I just finished my freshman year of college.

• college: 大学
• computer science: 计算机科学
• focus: 专注
• software engineering: 软件工程
• worth it: 值得
• 2023: 2023年
• freshman year: 大一

You have three choices:

1.Continue in computer science.

2.Change to a different major.

3.Drop out of college.

Each of these carries risk and potential rewards. If you're only pursuing CS because you dream of making $150k

right after graduating college, I think you should choose something else. The market has shifted and that was not a sustainable reality. I warned that it would come to an end. There will be great opportunities, but making $300k 3–4 years out of college will be reserved for exceptional talent.

But if you stay, you will get a solid education that balances theory and practice. I don't know what the job market will look like in two years when you start applying for post-grad jobs, but there will be computing jobs.

• Continue: 继续
• Computer Science: 计算机科学
• Change: 改变
• Different: 不同的
• Major: 专业
• Drop out: 辍学
• College: 大学
• Carries: 带有
• Risk: 风险
• Potential: 潜在的
• Rewards: 奖励
• Pursuing: 追求
• Dream: 梦想
• Graduating: 毕业
• Sustainable: 可持续的
• Reality: 现实
• Market: 市场
• Shifted: 转变
• Warned: 警告
• End: 结束
• Opportunities: 机会
• Reserved: 保留
• Exceptional: 出色的
• Talent: 才能
• Stay: 留下
• Solid: 坚实的
• Education: 教育
• Balances: 平衡
• Theory: 理论
• Practice: 实践
• Job market: 就业市场
• Two years: 两年
• Start: 开始
• Applying: 申请
• Post-grad: 研究生毕业后的
• Computing jobs: 计算机相关工作

This is a question from Quora.

As a computer science educator if you can teach only one thing to your students what would it be?

• Computer Science: 计算机科学
• Educator: 教育者
• Teach: 教授
• One: 一
• Thing: 事物
• Student: 学生
• What: 什么
• Would: 将会
• It: 它
• Be: 存在/是

Algorithmic thinking. There's a lot that underlies that, but you fundamentally need to be able to learn how to break problems down in to smaller solvable tasks, and apply tightly constrained instructions to solve those tasks. The rest is just syntactic sugar and math. Really, really important math.

• Algorithmic: 算法的
• Thinking: 思维
• Underlies: 构成...的基础
• Fundamentally: 基本上
• Need: 需要
• Learn: 学习
• Break down: 分解
• Problems: 问题
• Smaller: 更小的
• Solvable: 可解决的
• Tasks: 任务
• Apply: 应用
• Tightly constrained: 严格限定的
• Instructions: 指令
• Rest: 其余部分
• Syntactic sugar: 语法糖
• Math: 数学

I want to teach my students how to fail. Part of learning to fail is simple programming practice. It's fundiversión to write code, and the temptation is to write dozens of lines of code at a time. It's much less fun to debug code, and when your dozens of lines fails in strange ways you've made your life far more difficult than it needs to be. So take baby steps: write the smallest number of lines that can be tested, then stop and test it. That code will fail, too, but debugging it will be a relatively pain-free process and you get the psychological boost of solving lots of small failures relatively quickly.

• teach (教)
• students (学生)
• fail (失败)
• relatively (相对的)
• learning (学习)
• much less (更不用说)
• programming practice (编程实践)
• write code (编写代码)
• dozens of lines (几十行代码)
• debug code (调试代码)
• strange ways (奇怪的方式)
• difficult (困难)
• baby steps (小步骤)
• smallest number of lines (最少的代码行数)
• test (测试)
• pain-free (相对轻松的)
• process (过程)
• psychological boost (心理推动)
• solve (解决)
• small failures (小失败)
• quickly (迅速)

Source control also has a role to play here. If you commit often, you can occasionally take larger risks secure in knowing that if it doesn't work out, one command will bring you back to a known state.

• source control (版本控制)
• role (角色，作用)
• commit often (经常提交)
• larger risks (较大的风险)
• secure (安心)
• one command (一个命令)
• bring back (还原)
• known state (已知状态)

The deeper lesson is divorcing code that fails from the feeling of failure. If your code X produced state Y and you wanted state Z, and you take this personally, you're in for a long semester. If, on the other hand, I can convince you that you've now learned something you didn't know before about code X, then you're much less likely to feel helpless. If you're not feeling helpless, it's a lot easier to try something different and eventually (after visiting states P, D, Q, and aleph-1) getting to Z.

• divorcing (分离)
• code that fails (失败的代码)
• feeling of failure (失败的感觉)
• lesson (教训)
• personally (个人地)
• easier (小心的)
• long semester (漫长的学期)
• learned something (学到了一些东西)
• feel helpless (感到无助)
• try something different (尝试不同的方法)
• eventually (最终)
• visiting states (经历状态)
• getting to Z (达到状态 Z)

Once you've learned how to do controlled failures and divorce programming failure from the emotion of failure, programming starts to become pretty enjoyable and your learning rate goes up by an order of magnitude.

• controlled failures (可控的失败)
• divorce programming failure (将编程失败分离开来)
• emotion of failure (失败的情绪)
• programming (编程)
• enjoyable (有乐趣的)
• learning rate (学习速度)
• an order of magnitude (一个数量级)

c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>